2022 (4) 2

https://doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.04.255

RECYCLING, MODIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMER WASTE

V.V. Seminog,

Institute of macromolecular Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske shose, Kyiv, 02155, Ukraine,

ORCID: 0000-0001-9587-8307

V.D. Myshak,
Institute of macromolecular Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske shose, Kyiv, 02155, Ukraine,
e-mail: Myshak.V.D@nas.gov.ua
ORCID: 0000-0003-1615-3303

Polym. J., 2022, 44, no. 4: 255-270.

Section: Review.

Language: Ukrainian.

Abstract:

The review article considers the current problem of environmental pollution with polymer waste. To solve one of the highest priority tasks, their recycling is considered, which is advisable from an economic, practical and scientific point of view. An assessment of the resources of secondary polymeric raw materials was made. The main ways of utilization of polymeric waste are given. The features of polymer waste recycling methods are determined. The issues of modification of polymer wastes are considered and the main methods of compatibilization of polymer mixtures are shown. Particular attention is paid to the methods and mechanisms of compatibilization of polymer composites based on recycled thermoplastics and crumb rubber from waste tires as a means of obtaining new composite polymer materials with valuable performance properties. The dependence of the properties of polymer composites on the filler concentration, particle size and shape, surface treatment methods, type and content, modifying additives and compatibilizers is shown. The creation of polymer composites based on secondary polymers and fillers of various nature contributes to the solution of social and economic problems of polymer waste.

Key words: polymer waste, secondary polyethylene, rubber crumb, compatibilization, polymer composites.

REFERENCES

1. Kompaniya OOO «Upakovano.ru». [Elektronniy resurs]. Rezhim dostupu:http://www.upakovano.ru, 2005.
2. Arshad M., Zubair M., Saadman S.R., Ullah A. Polymers for advanced applications. Polymer Science and Nanotechnology. Fundamentals and Applications, 2020: 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816806-6.00014-5.
3. But’ko A.E. Ukrainskiy rynok utilizatsii polimernyih othodov i klyuchevyie tendentsii ego razvitiya. Molodiy vcheniy, 2015, 17, no. 2: 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2015.1125220.
4. Krapiva S. Pavlov K. Othodnoy manevr [Elektronnyiy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.business.ua/articles/konyuktura/Othodnoy_manevr-76149. Biznes, 2014, no.40: 1131.
5. Gostev A. [Elektronnyiy resurs] Rezhim dostupu: http://www.svoboda.org./a/31017547.html. Atlas mira, 2020.
6. Biron M. Recycling: The First Source of Renewable Plastics. In book: Industrial applications of Renewable Plastics. Environmental, Technological, and Economic Advances. 2017: 67–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48065-9.00003-0. ISBN 978-0-323-48065-9.
7. Tveritnikova I.S. Kirsh I.A., Pomogova D.A., Bannikova O.A., Beznaeva O.V., Romanova V.A. Polyolefin-Based Multilayer Packaging Material Modified by Ethylene Propylene Copolymer in Food Storage. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology, 2019, 49, no.1: 135–143. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-1-135-143.
8. Gul V.E. Povyshenie effektivnosti ispolzovaniya vtorichnyih polimernyih materialov. Plasticheskie massy, 1986, no. 6: 8–10.
9. Strelkova L.D., Fedoseeva G.T., Minsker K.S. Fotohimicheskoe starenne zhestkogo PVH. Plasticheskie massy, 1976. no. 7: 72–73.
10. Kirilova E.I., Shulgina E.S. Starenne i stabilizatsiya termoplastikov. Leningrad: Himiya, 1988: 240.
11. Bryik M.T. Destruktsiya napolnennyih polimerov. Moskva: Himiya, 1989: 192.
12. Nakanasi K. Infrakrasnyie spektryi i stroenie organicheskih soedineniy. Moskva: Mir, 1965: 216.
13. Golovanov A. V., Popova M. I., Markov V. A. [i dr.]. Sravnitelnyiy analiz relaksatsionnyih svoystv pervichnogo i vtorichnogo polipropilena. Plasticheskie massy, 2009, no.6: 40–45.
14. Bazunova M. V., Ishyarova G. R., Sharipova G. M., Zaharov V. P. Issledovanie vozmozhnosti ispolzovaniya vtorichnogo polipropilena v sostave kompozitsionnyih materialov. Dokladyi Bashkirskogo universiteta, 2018, 3, no.1: 18–26.
15. Mingaleev M.S., Levin B.C., Chernikov V.V., Kovaleva R.I. Proizvodstvo i pererabotka plastmass i sinteticheskih smol. Moskva.: NIITEHIM, NIIPM, 1979, no. 1: 40–44.
16. Levin B.C., Pishoha G.P. Vtorichnaya pererabotka i ispolzovanie poliamidov. Ratsionalnoe ispolzovanie materialnyih resursov.- Moskva: TsNIITEMS, 1974: 26.
17. Kagan D.F. Tyulina P.M., Levina N.M. Orientatsiya mnogosloynyih plenok. Plasticheskie massy, 1981, no. 9: 39–42.
18. Shtarke L. Ispolzovanie promyishlennyih i byitovyih othodov plastmass. Leningrad: Himiya, 1979: 334.
19. Mikulonok I.O. Tekhnolohichni osnovy pereroblennia polimernykh materialiv [Elektronnyi resurs]. Elektronni tekstovi dani (1 fail: 7,21 Mbait). Kyiv: KPI im. Ihoria Sikorskoho, 2020: 292. Rezhim dostupu: https://ela.kpi.ua/bitstream/123456789/35084/1/Pereroblennia-polimernykh-materialiv_NavchPosib.pdf.
20. Jimping Qu, Zhaoxia H., Xianwu C. Industrial-Scale Polypropylene-Polyethylene Phisical Alloying Toward Recycling. 2022, 9: 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.021.
21. Volkov V.P. Zelenetskiy A.N., Sizova M.S. [i dr.]. Mehanohimicheskaya modifikatsiya polietilena viniltrialkoksisilanami. Plasticheskie massy, 2004, no. 10: 33–-38.
22. Rahimi A., Garcia J.M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. Nature Reviews Chem., 2017, 6, no 1: 1–-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017-0046.
23. Maris J., Bourdon S., Brossard J-M., Cauret L., Fontaine L., Montembault V. Mechanical recycling: Compatibilization of mixed thermoplastic wastes. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2018, 147: 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.001.
24. Ananeva V.V., Kirsh I.A., Gubanova M.I., Kozmin D.V., Semenov G.V. Modifikatsiya polietilena, initsiirovannaya ultrazvukom. Plasticheskie massy, 2008, no. 6: 7-8.
25. Shibirin O.V. Vpliv molekulyarnoy ta nadmolekulyarnoy strukturi na fotohImIchnu modifIkatsIyu polIolefInIv i sumishey na yih osnovi: avtoref. dis. na zdobuttya stup.kand. him. nauk: spets. 02.00.06 – “Himiya visokomolekulyarnih spoluk”. Kiev, 1999: 20.
26. Andrianov K.A., Bulgakov V.Ya., Hananashvili L.M. Termohimicheskoe modifitsirovanie poliolefinov poliorganosiloksanovyimi zhidkostyami. Plasticheskie massy, 1968, no. 7: 12-19.
27. Kirsh, I.A., Chalyih T.I. Ultrazvukovaya obrabotka rasplavov polimerov razlichnoy himicheskoy prirodyi. Izvestiya VUZov. Himiya i himicheskaya tehnologiya, 2015, no. 3: 65-69.
28. A.s. SSSR № 1131210. C08J 11/04, C08L 23/30. Polimernaya kompozitsiya № 3671633/23. V.S. Levin, A.P. Kalitina, V.K. Lomakin, I.P. Neelov. Publ. 30.10.1993. Byul. no. 39-40.
29. Pat RF 2007428, MPK C08L 43/02, C08L 23/06, C08K5/14. Polimernaya kompozitsiya na osnove vtorichnogo polietilena nizkogo davleniya. Grayf. R.M., Kochetkov I.A., Bochkareva L.N., Lobacheva G.K., Lyisenko M.V. Publ. 15.02.1994.
30. Myshak V., Seminog V., Dmytrieva T., Bortnitsky V. Тhe study of the process of modification of secondary polyethylene with hexamethylenetetramine. Chemistry & Chemical Technology, 2016, 10, no. 3: 299-304. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.03.299.
31. Pat RF 2286997, MPK C08J 11/04. Polimernaya kompozitsiya. V.B. Yurhanov. Publ. 10.11.2006. Byul. no. 10.
32. Pat. RF 2002769. MPK C08L27/24, C08L23/06, C08K5/14, C08J11/04. Polimernaya kompozitsiya. G.K. Lobacheva, S.N. Bondarenko, V.A. Ulitskiy, E.I. Merkulov, A.E. Vasilvitskiy. Publ. 15.11.1993.
33. Pat RF 2051986, MPK C23C4/04, B29C33/62. Sposob polucheniya antikorrozionnogo polimernogo pokryitiya. V.A. Ulitskiy, G.K. Lobacheva, S.N. Bondarenko, E.I. Merkulov, A.E. Vasilvitskiy. Publ. 10.01.1996.
34. Pat RF 2177012, MPK C08L 23/12, C08K 5/16, C08K5/04. Polimernaya kompozitsiya. S.S. Galibeev, V.P. Arhireev, A.M. Kochnev, R.R. Shkalikova. Publ. 20.12.2001. Byul. no. 11.
35. Kahramanov N.T., Meyralieva N.A., Kahramanly Yu.N. Tehnologicheskie parametryi litya pod davleniem napolnennyih prirodnyim tseolitom kompozitsiy polipropilena. Plasticheskie massy, 2011, no. 6: 57–59.
36. Byikov E.A., Degtyaryov V.V. Sovremennyie napolniteli – vazhnyiy faktor povyisheniya konkurentosposobnosti kompozitov. Plasticheskie massy, 2006, no. 1: 32–5-36.
37. Temimi-Maaref N., Burr A., Billon N. Razrushenie kompozitov na osnove polipropilena: ekspkriment i modelirovanie. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2008, 50, no.5: 850–861. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X08050106.
38. Volkov A.M., Ryizhikova I.G., Agafonova A.I. [i dr.]. Mineralonapolnennyie kompozitsii polipropilena. Vozmozhnosti sovershenstvovaniya svoystv malyimi dobavkami polimernyih kompatibilizatorov. Plasticheskie massy, 2004, no. 5: 22–26.
39. Gorbatkina Yu. A., Timofeeva V. A., Zarhina T.S. [i dr.]. Adgezionnyie svoystva kompozitsii polipropilena s obrabotannyim shungitovyim napolnitelem. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2005, 47, no. 10: 1812–1821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-005-3005-6.
40. Spiglazov A.B., Stavrov V.P. Vliyanie razmerov drevesnyih chastits i stepeni napolneniya na tekuchest kompozitsiy s polipropilenom. Plasticheskie massyi, 2004, no. 12: 50–52.
41. Serenko O.A., Goncharuk G.P., Meshkov I.B. [i dr.]. Svoystva sverhvyisokonapolnenyih kompozitov polimer-izmelchennaya rezina. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2006, 48, no. 1: 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X0601010X.
42. Serenko O.A., Goncharuk G.P., Bazhenov S.L. Plastichno-plastichnyiy perehod v dispersno-napolnenyih kompozitah na osnove termoplastichnyih polimerov. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2006, 48, no. 6: 959–969.
43. Serenko O.A., I.N. Nasrullaev, G.L. Goncharuk [i dr.]. Vliyanie temperaturyi na svoystva rezinoplastov na osnove polietilena sredney plotnosti. Plasticheskie massy, 2004, no. 7: 6–10.
44. Sonnier R., Leroy E., Clerc L. [et al.]. Polyethylene/ground tyre rubber blends: Influence of particle morphology and oxidation on mechanical properties. Polymer Testing, 2007, 26: 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.10.011.
45. Zhang Sh.L., Xin Z.X., Zhang Z. X. [et al.]. Characterization of the properties of thermoplastic elastomers containing waste rubber tire powder. Waste Management, 2009, 29: 1480–1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.004.
46. Fainleib A., Grigoryeva O., Youssef B., Saiter J-M. Utilization of tire rubber and recycled polyolefins into thermoplastic elastomers. In book: Recent Developments in Polymer Recycling. A. Fainleib, Grigoryeva O. (Ed.), India, 2011: 1–46. ISBN:978-81-7895-524-7.
47. Wang Y-H, Chen Y-K, Rodrigue D. Production of thermoplastic elastomers based on ecycled PE and ground tire rubber: morphology, mechanical properties and effect of compatibilizer addition. Int. Polym. Proc., 2018; 33: 525–534. https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3544.
48. Fazli A., Rodrigue D. Effect of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particle Size and Content on the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene/GTR Blends. Recycling, 2021, 6, no. 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030044.
49. Bishnu P., Mohanty S., Sanjay Nayak K. Mechanism of Toughening in Rubber Toughened Polyolefin. Polymer-Plastics Tehnology and Engineering. 2015, 54, no. 5: 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2014.958777.
50. Wojciechowski A., Michalski R., Kamińska E. Selected methods of utilisations used tires. Polimery, 2012, 57, no. 9: 656–660. https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2012.656.
51. Mirmov N.I., Vernyiy A.L., Mirmov I.N. Usovershenstvovannaya kriogenno-ozonnaya tehnologiya pererabotki iznoshennyih shin. Kauchuk i rezina, 2010, no. 4: 31–34.
52. Mishak V.D., Lebedev E.V., Seminog V.V. [ta in.]. Polimerni kompozity na osnovi termoplastiv ta dispersnoyi gumovoyi krihty. Polimerniy zhurnal, 2006, 28, no. 3: 246–254.
53. Boyko T.A.. Savel’eva N.V., Pasko N.I. [ta in.]. Dribnodispersna krihta oderzhana metodom visokotemperaturnogo zsuvnogo podribnennya. Doslidzhennya vlastivostey. Himichna promislovist Ukrayiny, 2003, no. 4: 50-54.
54. Abbasov A.M., Abbasov L.M., Bilalov Ya.M. Struktura i svoystva poliolefinovih termoplastichnih elastomernih materialov. Kauchuk i rezina, 2005, no. 6: 25–29.
55. Fazli A., Rodrigue D. Thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled high-density polyethylene/ground tire rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate: Effect of ground tire rubber regeneration on morphological and mechanical properties. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2022, 0: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057221095388.
56. Shevlyakov A.A, Panferov V.I., Shevlyakov S.A., Markin A.P. Proizvodstvo kompozitsionnyih materialov s ispolzovaniem vtorichnyih othodov v kachestve ishodnogo syirya. Lesnoy vestnik, 2011, no. 5: 79–84.
57. Hejna A., Korol J., Przybysz-Romatowska M., Zelder L., Chmienicki B., Formela K. Waste tire rubbers as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers. Waste Management, 2020, 108: 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032.
58. Knunyants M.I., Chepel L.M., Kryuchkov A.M. [i dr.]. Vliyanie usloviy polucheniya na svoystva kompozitsiy na osnove polietilena i vulkanizovannyih elastomerov. Mehanika kompozitnyih materialov, 1988, no. 5: 927-929.
59. Prut E.V., Zelenetskiy A.N. Himicheskaya modifikatsiya i smeshenie polimerov v ekstrudere reaktore. Uspehi himii, 2001, 70, no. 1: 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1070/RC2001v070n01ABEH000624.
60. Goncharuk G.P., Knunyants M.I., Serenko O.A. [i dr.]. Mehanicheskie svoystva modifichiroiannyih rezinoplastov na osnove polietilena nizkoy plotnosti i poroshkov rezin. Kauchuk i rezina, 1999, no. 2: 9-12.
61. Bazhenov S.L., Goncharuk G.P., Knunyants M.I. [i dr.]. Vliyanie kontsentratsii chastits rezinyi na mehanizm razrusheniya napolnennogo polietilena vyisokoy plotnosti. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2002, 44, no. 4: 637-647.
62. Goncharuk G.P., Bazhenov S.L., Obolonkova E.V. [i dr..] Vliyanie kontsentratsii chastits rezinyi na mehanizm razrusheniya napolnennogo polipropilena.Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2003, 45, no. 6: 970-977.
63. Titov D.L., Pershin S.A., Knunyants M.I. [i dr.]. Deformatsionnoe povedenie kompozitsionnogo materiala na osnove polietilena nizkoy plotnosti i poroshkov vulkanizirovannyih rezin. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 1994, 36, no.8: 1354-1357.
64. Goncharuk G.P. Rezinoplastyi – kompozitsionnyie materialyi na osnove polietilena nizkoy plotnosti i izmelchennyih rezin: diss. kand. him. nauk: 02.00.06. Moskva, 2001: 153.
65. Avinkin V. S. Mehanicheskie svoystva kompozitsionnyih materialov na osnove termoplastov i chastits rezinyi: diss. kand. him. nauk: 05.17.06. Moskva, 2003: 172.
66. Scaffaro R., Dintcheva N.T., Nocilla M.A. [et al.]. Formulation, characterization and optimization of the processing condition of blends of recycled polyethylene and ground tyre rubber: mechanical and rheological analysis. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2005, 90: 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.022.
67. Sonnier R., Leroy E., Clerc L. [et al.]. Compatibilizing thermoplastic/ground tyre rubber powder blends: Efficiency and limits. Polymer Testing, 2008, 27: 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.07.003.
68. Li J. Blends of EPDM rubber/thermoplastics: master’s thesis. Lulea University of Technology, 2008: 64.
69. Trofimova G.M., Kompaniets L.V., Novikov D.D. [i dr.]. Deformatsionnyie svoystva smesey na osnove izotakticheskogo polipropilena i rezinovoy kroshki. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2005, 47, no. 5: 877–880.
70. Volfson S.A., Nikolskiy V.G. Tverdofaznoe deformatsionnoe razrushenie i izmelchenie polimernyih materialov. Poroshkovyie tehnologii. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 1994, 36, no.6: 1040–1056.
71. Lu Li-bo, Chen Ying-hong, Wang Qi. Polypropylene/ground tire rubber/polyolefin elastomer composite prepared by solid state shear milling. Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, 2010, 26, no. 5: 119–122.
72. Koning C., Van Duin M., Pagnoulle C., Jerome R. Strategies for compatibilization of polymer blends. Prog. Polym. Science, 1998, 23, no. 4: 707–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00054-3.
73. Tolstov A.L. Sintez i fiziko-himicheskie svoystva termoelastoplastov so strukturoy poluvzaimopronikayuschih polimernyih setok na osnove modifitsirovannyih polietilenov i kauchukov: dis. na soiskanie nauch. step. kand. him. nauk: 02.00.06. Kyev, 2005: 132.
74. Zaikin A.E., Bobrov G.B. Kompatibilizatsiya smesey nesovmestimyih polimerov napolneniem. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2012, 54, no. 8: 1275–1282. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X12070085.
75. Kelnar I., Khunova V., Kotek J. [at el.]. Effect of clay treatment on structure and mechanical behavior of elastomer-containing polyamide-6 nanocomposite. Polymer, 2007, 48, no. 18: 5332–5339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.062.
76. Hasnah K.S., Khalina A., Ali A. [at el.]. The effect of Eva on composite that made of PP nanoclay. Key Engineering Materials, 2011, 462-463: 925–930. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.462-463.925.
77. Jiang J., Zang K., Wu G. Effect of organoclays on the morphology and thermal expansion of PA6/SEBS alloy. Polymer Composites, 2011, 32, no. 12: 2010–2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.21234.
78. Acharya H., Kuila T., Srivastava S.K. [at el.]. Effect of layered silicate on EPDM/EVA blend nanocomposite: Dynamic mechanical, thermal, and swelling properties. Polymer Composites, 2008, 29, no. 4: 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20433.
79. Ponomaryova N.R., Obolonkova E.S., Goncharuk G.P. [i dr.]. Vliyanie formyi chastits napolnitelya na harakter razrusheniya kompozitov na osnove polipropilena. Plasticheskie massy, 2010, no. 2: 15–18.
80. Rajalingam P., Sharpe J., Baker W.E. Ground Rubber Tire/Thermoplastic Composites: Effect of Different Ground Rubber Tires. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 1993, 66, no. 4: 664–677. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3538337.
81. Kim J.I., Ryu S.H., Chang Y.W. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of waste rubber powder/HDPE composite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2000, 77, no. 12: 2595–2602. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20000919)77:12<2595::AID-APP60>3.0.CO;2-C.
82. Radheshkumar C., Karger-Kocsis J. Thermoplastic dynamic vulcanisates containing LDPE, rubber, and thermochemically reclaimed ground tyre rubber. Plast. Rubber Comp, 2002, 31, no. 3: 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1179/146580102225003074.
83. Li Y., Zhang Y., Zhang Y. Mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene/scrap rubber powder composites modified with ethylene-propylenediene terpolymer, dicumyl peroxide, and silicone oil. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,2003, 88, no. 8: 2020–2027. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11907.
84. Mishak V.D., Seminog V.V., Ostapyuk S.M. [ta in.]. Vpliv dobavok kopolimeru etilenu z vinilatsetatom na fiziko-mehanichny vlastivosty kompozitiv na osnovi vtorinnogo polietilenu i dispersnoyi gumovoyi krihti. Polimerniy zhurnal, 2007, 29, no. 4: 320–327.
85. Serenko O.A., Avinkin B.C., Vdovin M.Yu. [i dr.]. Vliyanie sopolimera etilena s vinilatsetatom na deformatsionnyie svoystva kompozitsii polietilen nizkoy plotnosti-elastichnyiy napolnitel. Vyisokomolekulyarnyie soedineniya, 2001, 43, no. 2: 246–251.
86. Li Y., Zhang Y., Zhang Y. Morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE/SRP/elastomer composites: effect of elastomer polarity. Polymer Testing, 2004, 23, no. 1: 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(03)00065-5.
87. Oliphant K., Baker W.E. The use of cryogenically ground rubber tires as a filler in polyolefin blends. Polymer Engineering & Science, 1993, 33, no. 3: 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330307.
88. Pramanik P.K., Baker W.E. Toughening of ground rubber tire filled thermoplastic compounds using different compatibilizer systems. Plastics, rubber and composites processing and applications, 1995, 24, no. 4: 229–237.
89. Choudhury N.R., Bhattacharya S.N. Effect of compatibilisation on mechanical and rheological properties of ground rubber tyre – polyethylene blends. Plastics, rubber and composites processing and applications, 1996, 25, no. 9: 448–457.
90. Stark F.J., Tread J. Сompounds containing high concentrations of surface treated particulate. Rubber World, 1989, 200, no. 1: 18–22.
91. Mogilevich M.M. Turov B.S., Morozov Yu.L. [i dr.]. Zhidkie uglevodorodnyie kauchuki. Moskva: Himiya, 1983: 200.
92. Tutorskiy I.A. Potapov E.E., Shvarts A.G. Himicheskaya modifikatsiya elastomerov. Moskva: Himiya, 1993: 304.
93. Ermolchuk L.V. Sintez ta vlastivosti funktsionalizovanih ridkih kauchukiv ta yih kompozitsiy z vtorinnimy polimernimy napovnyuvachamy.Avtoref. dis. na zdobuttya nauk. stupenya kand. him. nauk: spets. 02.00.06. Kyiv, 2010: 20.
94. Pat UA na korisnu model № 52062. MKP C 08L 23/06 C08K 5/00. Polimerna kompozitsiya „Gumoplast”. L.V. Ermolchuk, V.K. Grischenko, V.P. Boyko, E.V. Lebedev, V.D. Mishak. Publ. 10.08.2010. Byul. no. 5.
95. Sirik O.M. Sintez i vlastivosti modifikovanih kompatibilizatoriv na osnovi kopolimeriv etilenu z vinilatsetatom, oligomeriv roslinnih oliy, nizkomolekulyarnogo kauchuku ta kompozitiv z yih vikoristannyam: dis. na zdobuttya stup. kand. him. nauk: spets. 02.00.06. Kyiv, 2013: 157.
96. Syisyuk V.G., Bubnova A.S., Grischenko V.K., Daviskiba P.M., Ostapyuk S.N. Issledovanie protsessov vyisyihaniya i vozmozhnostey modifikatsii rastitelnyih masel dlya alkidnyih smol. PolImerniy zhurnal, 2007, 29, no. 1: S. 30–36.
97. Shevchenko V.V., Barantsova A.V., Grischenko V.K., Bus’ko N.A. Sintez reaktsiynozdatnih oligomeriv z funktsionalnimi grupami ta polimeriv na osnovi roslinnih oliy. Polimerniy zhurnal, 2011, 33, no. 2: 159–164.
98. Fuks I.G., Evdokimov A.Yu., Dzhamalov A.A. Rastitelnyie masla i zhivotnyie zhiry syr’ye dlya prigotovleniya tovarnyih smazochnyih materialov. Himiya i tehnologiya topliv i masel, 1992. no. 4: 36–39.
99. Desroches M., Escouvois M., Auvergne R., Caillol S., Boutevin B. From vegetable oils to polyurethanes: synthetic routes to polyols and main industrial products. Polymer Reviews, 2012, 52, 1: 38–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2011.640443.

Article Search

2022 (4) 2

Abstract: